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Fig. 2. Cephalic neural crest contribution to head skeleton, vasculature and to
conotruncal structures of the heart. (A) Fate map of the cephalic neural crest
(NC) in five-somite stage (ss) chick embryo. The anterior neural fold domain
extending from mid-diencephalon down to rhombomere (r) 2 (in light blue)
yields Hox-negative NC cells (NCCs) only, while the posterior one (in pink),
generates Hox-positive NCCs [reproduced, with permission, from Couly et al.
(Couly et al., 1996)]. Both
are present in r3. (B) Respective contribution of Hox-negative and
Hox-positive NC domains to the craniofacial and hypobranchial skeleton. (C)
Refined colour-coded map of the cephalic NC levels at 5 ss and (D) their
contribution to the musculo-connective wall of the head vascular tree.
Prosencephalic meninges (pink) derive from diencephalic-mesencephalic (Di-Mes)
NCCs, whereas meninges in the mesencephalon and more caudal CNS (light grey)
originate from the mesoderm (light grey in C). (E) Relative contribution to
the conotruncal structures of the heart of r6 to r8 cardiac NCCs [reproduced,
with permission, from Etchevers et al.
(Etchevers et al., 1999;
Etchevers et al., 2001)]. A,
aorta; An, angular; Ar, articular; AV, atrioventricular valve; Bb,
basibranchial; Bh, basihyal; C, columella; Cb, ceratobranchial; D, dentary;
Di, diencephalon; Eb, epibranchial; En, entoglossum; F, frontal; Io,
interorbital septum; IVS, intraventricular septum; J, jugal; Mc, Meckel's
cartilage; Mes, anterior mesencephalon; Mx, maxillary; N, nasal; Nc, nasal
capsule; O, opercular; P, parietal; PA, pulmonary artery; Pl, palate; Pm,
premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; Q, quadrate; Qj, quadratojugal; r, rhombomere; SA,
sinoatrial valve; Sa, supra-angular; SL, semilunar valve; So, sclerotic
ossicles; Sq, squamosal.
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