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Fig. 2. Cranial and sternal defects in 2C- and 4C-BAC16 mutants. (A,B) Dorsal views
of E18.5 skulls, showing presence of boney islands (double arrows) and a more
advanced medial growth/ossification of frontal bones (f; distance between
arrowheads) in 4C (B) compared with 2C (A) mutants. Apposition of parietal
bones (P) also appears to be marginally advanced. (C,D) Lateral view of
zygomatic arch bones at the lower rim of the left eye, showing
advanced/premature ossification of sutures (arrows) separating the zygomatic
branch of maxilla and the jugal bones in a 2C mutant (D) compared with wild
type (C). (E-G) Dorsal views of older wild-type (E), 2C (F) and 4C (G) mutant
skulls, showing growth and persistence of boney islands (double arrowheads)
within the metopic sutures, as well as precocious synostosis of frontal bones
(arrows in F). 2C mutant (F) also shows the slight bending of the face that
becomes more severe in 4C mutants (G). (H-J) Ventral views of the palate from
a wild-type (H), a 2C (I) and a 4C (J) BAC16 mouse. Arrow (I) indicates fusion
of the joint separating the left premaxilla (pm) and maxillary (m) bones. Note
that the joint on the right is patent. (J) The left pm appears less developed
and the incisors have overgrown/ingrown (arrow). (K-M) Frontal views of the
sternum stained for both Alizarin Red and Alcian Blue. (K) Wild type; (L) 2C
mutants; (M) 4C mutants. 2C mutant (L) shows fusion of the fourth and fifth
sternebrae (arrow) through ectopic ossification of their intervening
cartilage. (M) Precocious ossification is more advanced in 4C mutants, and the
xiphoid process is also bifurcated (arrows). Scale bars: 1 mm in C,K,L,M; 2mm
in A; 2.5 mm in H; 3 mm in F,J; 4 mm in E; 5 mm in G.
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