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Fig. 1. Smad6 does not induce neural markers in the chick. (A-G)
Experiments to test the activity of Smad6. Smad6-IRES-GFP was
electroporated into one half of the chick neural tube (A,B). Staining against
phospho-Smad1 (A) reveals that activation of Smad1 has been inhibited in the
electroporated cells (green in B), while in control GFP electroporated embryos
(C,D) phospho-Smad1 is not altered (C). cSmad6 injection into the
marginal zone in Xenopus (E) induces a secondary axis (F), while
GFP-injected controls appear normal (G). (H-N) Smad6 does not induce
neural markers. Electroporation of Smad6 into competent area opaca
epiblast at stage 3+ (H) does not induce Brachyury (I,L; light blue),
Sox2 (J) or Sox3 (M) (purple). In this and subsequent
figures, electroporated cells were visualized by staining with anti-GFP
antibody (K, N; brown). (O-Q) Positive controls. cSmad6 or GFP was
injected at the two-cell stage and animal caps isolated at early gastrula (O).
Smad6 (P) can neuralize animal caps, while GFP cannot (Q), as
assessed by Sox3 expression.
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