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Fig. 6. Altered filopodial activity in the leading edges of 
3 mutant
cortical cells. E14 neuronal cells from wild-type or mutant cortices were
electroporated with PH-Akt-EGFP (A,B) and time-lapse images of the growth cone
ends of neuronal processes were recorded after 48 hours. PH-Akt-EGFP is
targeted to active growth cones, thus enabling the evaluation of leading edge
activity. In PH-Akt-EGFP transfected wild-type cells (A), filopodia emerge in
large numbers from many spots along the leading edge (A; see activity in
regions marked with asterisks) and appear to intensely sample the environment
of the cell. By contrast, fewer filopodia emerge from the two adjacent leading
edges (^, *) of PH-Akt-EGFP transfected 3
integrin mutant cortical cells (B), and their ability to probe the cellular
environment appear to have been retarded (compare activity in regions marked
with asterisks in A and B). Re-expression of 3 integrin in 3
integrin-deficient cells rescued the deficits in filopodial activity (C; see
active region marked with an asterisk). n=67 (wild type),
n=70 (mutant and mutant + 3 integrin). Time elapsed since the
beginning of observations is indicated in minutes. Scale bar: 20 µm. (Also
see Movies 8-10 in the supplementary material.)
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