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Fig. 2. Defective stomach, spleen and pancreas development in embryos deficient for
Gdf11. `Control' indicates that the observed phenotype is
indistinguishable in Gdf11+/+ and
Gdf11+/- embryos. (A,B) Sectioned stomachs stained with
hematoxylin and eosin and whole mounted spleens (insets) from mice at P1. Note
thinning of the stomach epithelial and mesenchymal layers and paucity of
epithelial folds in the Gdf11-/- mouse. (A,B inset) Whole
spleen preparations demonstrate spleen malformation in
Gdf11-/- mice. (C,D) Whole mounted preparations of
pancreas from Gdf11+/- and Gdf11-/-
mice at P1. (E,F) Significantly reduced exocrine acinar cell development in
Gdf11-deficient mice at E17.5. Acini are dark following
immunoperoxidase staining with antiserum specific for carboxypeptidase A. (G)
Quantification of morphometry showing significant reduction of exocrine acinar
cell volume in Gdf11-/- mice relative to both wild-type
and heterozygous Gdf11+/- mice. Data are shown as the
average measurements from at least six mice of indicated
genotypes±standard error of the mean. Asterisk indicates significance
as P<0.01. (H,I) The endocrine cell compartment is significantly
increased in Gdf11-/- mice relative to wild-type mice at
E17, as assessed by immunofluorescent staining using the neuroendocrine
marker, synaptophysin (red). (J) Quantification of synaptophysin staining in
each of the indicated genotypes. The asterisk indicates significance as
P<0.05 between wild-type and Gdf11-/- mice.
There is no significant difference between wild-type and
Gdf11+/- mice. (J) Duct cell number, as assessed by lectin
DBA staining is normal in Gdf11-/- mice at E17 (green).
(M) Quantification of DBA staining for all three genotypes. NS, not
significant. (N,O) Merge of synaptophysin (red) and DBA (green) channels for
wild-type and Gdf11-/- mice at E17.5, confirming that
DBA+ cells are distinct from synaptophysin+ cells. (P,Q)
Apoptotic pancreatic nuclei (green, arrows) labeled by TUNEL from E17.5
Gdf11+/+ (P) and Gdf11-/- (Q) mice.
All nuclei are simultaneously co-stained by DAPI (blue).
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