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Fig. 1. Optical mapping of electrical activation in the embryonic chick heart. (A)
Setup consisting of epifluorescence microscope, temperature-controlled
oxygenated organ bath and computer-controlled intensified high-speed camera.
(B) Brightfield image of E6.5 heart immediately after recording. (C)
Epifluorescence signals of di-4-ANEPPS from the same heart captured by the
high-speed camera (80x80 pixels). (D) An example of changes in
fluorescence intensity over time from a 4x4 pixel region of the
ventricle (raw 12 bit data). Drops in fluorescent intensity level correspond
to depolarization. (E) A typical action potential recording from a single
pixel that was inverted, digitally filtered (white line), and the first
derivative (yellow) calculated. Peak of the first derivative, corresponding to
maximum upstroke velocity, was determined (orange) to mark the time of
activation of individual pixels. x axis scale in milliseconds. (F) An
example of two-dimensional array of the optical mapping data. la, left atrium;
ra, right atrium; lv, left ventricle; rv, right ventricle.
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