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Fig. 1. Dpp and Gbb function cooperatively to maintain GSCs in the Drosophila testis. (A) A diagram of the testis tip including GSCs and SSCs. Normally, seven to ten GSCs (three are shown here for demonstration; round red cells) and somatic stem cells (also known as cyst progenitor cells; red elliptical cells) directly contact the hub cells (gray cells). The gonialblast, which is encapsulated by two differentiated somatic cyst cells, moves away from the hub cells and divides to produce a two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell or eventually a 16-cell cluster, which can be identified by the branched fusome (green lines). The testes in B-E are labeled for FasIII (red, hub cells), Hts (green, spectrosomes and fusomes) and DAPI (blue). The testis in F is labeled for Hts (green) and DAPI (blue). The hub cells are labeled red by FasIII in B-E and highlighted by a circle in F, whereas the GSCs are highlighted by broken lines in B-F. (B) The tip of a wild-type testis showing seven GSCs that contact the hub cells. (C,D) The tips of two gbb⁴/gbb^D20 mutant testes showing two remaining GSCs (C) or no GSCs (D) close to the hub cells. (E) A tip of dpp^hr4/dpp^hr56 mutant testis showing seven GSCs near hub cells. (F) The tip of a dpp^hr4/dpp^hr56 gbb^D20 mutant testis showing three remaining GSCs near the hub cells. All the images are shown at the same magnification. Scale bar: 10 µm.

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