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Fig. 3. Abnormalities in Smad2+/–;Smad3–/– mutant embryos. Whole-mount views of E9.5 (A) wild-type (WT), (B) Smad2+/–;Smad3+/– and (D,G) Smad2+/–;Smad3–/– littermate embryos. (B) Smad2+/–;Smad3+/– embryo with wild-type (A) morphology. (C) Transverse section of B. A moderately affected Smad2+/–;Smad3–/– mutant embryo (D) completes turning, has reiterated somites (s) and an otic vesicle (ot), but lacks anterior-most neural structures, including forebrain and optic vesicle (op), and displays a mispatterned, enlarged heart (ht) within an expanded pericardium (pc). (E,F) Transverse sections of embryo in D reveal the presence of a gut tube along the length of the embryo, as well as a thickened anterior tissue mass probably resulting from fusion of the first branchial arches (ba). (G) A more severely affected mutant embryo fails to complete the turning sequence and to close the ventral body wall. Heart development is severely compromised, and anterior development is significantly diminished. (H) Transverse section of G shows a rudimentary gut tube, with chaotic development of neural and mesodermal structures along the body axis. da, dorsal aorta; nt, neural tube; fg, foregut; mg, midgut; hg, hindgut.





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