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Fig. 4. Downstream targets of Snail. Snail gene expression induces the loss of
epithelial markers and the gain of mesenchymal markers, as well as inducing
changes in cell shape, and changes related to morphology and to the
acquisition of motility and invasive properties. The Snail genes also regulate
cell proliferation and cell death. Not all of these targets are directly
regulated by Snail genes: because Snail genes function as repressors, from
Drosophila to humans (reviewed by
Nieto, 2002), target
upregulation might be due to the Snail-mediated repression of a repressor.
However, their role as activators cannot be excluded. The molecules and
processes shown in red are downregulated or impaired by Snail, and those in
green are upregulated or promoted by Snail. BID, Bcl-interacting death
agonist; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; DFF, DNA fragmentation factor; ERKs,
extracellular signal-regulated kinases; MMPs, metalloproteinases; PI3K,
phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; p53, tumour
suppressor; Rb, retinoblastoma; XR11, Xenopus Bcl-xL homologue.
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