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Fig. 5. NrCAM inhibition modulates growth cone morphology. (A-D) Two examples each
of growth cones in flat-mounted retinae (E4.5) in the presence of non-specific
F(ab) fragments (A,B) or NrCAM F(ab) fragments (C,D); top and side view of
each growth cone is depicted; orientation of the growth cones in the retina is
as indicated in D. Under control conditions, growth cones typically have a
simple slim `torpedo-like' shape (A,B). Under NrCAM inhibition, growth cones
acquire a complex morphology with a surplus of protrusions and a shorter,
irregular form (C,D); in C, four protrusions (1-4) of a growth cone are
indicated. Protrusions are directed towards deeper layers of the retina (3,4
in C; D) or to the left and right of the growth direction (1,2 in C).
Occasionally the entire growth cone bends away from the correct growth
direction; in contrast to the protrusions, it does not dive into the retina
but stays in contact with the basal lamina (D). (E-H) Quantification of
changes in growth cone morphology. (E) When NrCAM is inhibited, the proportion
of complex growth cones is significantly increased compared with under control
conditions. (F) The number of growth cones with two and more protrusions is
significantly increased under NrCAM inhibition compared with controls. (G) The
surface area of growth cones under NrCAM inhibition is significantly larger
than those under control conditions. (H) NrCAM inhibition also causes a
significant increase in growth cone volume P
0.01. OF, optic
fissure; VIT, vitreal side of the retina; VEN, ventricular side of the retina.
Scale bar: 10 µm. (See also the 3D reconstructions and rotations in Movies
1 and 2 in the supplementary material.)
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