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Fig. 2. Defects in neural crest-derived cranial ganglia in Msx1/2 mutant embryos. (A-F) Whole-mount immunohistochemistry of neurofilament at E10.5. Control (A), Msx1/2 double homozygous (B,C,D), Msx1^–^/^–; Msx2⁺^/^– (E), and Msx1⁺^/^–; Msx2^–^/^– (F) embryos. (B-D) Double homozygous mutant embryos show a hypoplastic trigeminal nerve (V; arrows), and fused glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves in the distal portion (asterisk). An abnormal connection between the trigeminal and facial (VII) nerves can be observed in Msx1/2 mutant embryos (arrowheads, B,C). Note the double-mutant embryo shown in D has impaired peripheral nerve growth and an interruption of the projection of the vagus nerve. The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves were also fused in Msx1^–^/^–; Msx2⁺^/^– and Msx1⁺^/^–; Msx2^–^/^– embryos (asterisk, E,F). III, oculomotor nerve. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

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