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Fig. 9. Zygotic expression of LPA receptors is necessary to maintain the density of
the actin cytoskeleton at the late blastula stage and for normal
Xenopus development. (A) Depletion of XLPA1 by injection
of 40 ng of a morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) into oocytes or eggs caused a
reduction in the amount of cortical actin at the late blastula stage. Scale
bar: 50 µm. (B) Injection of 30 ng of LPA2 MO into eggs reduced
the density of actin by the same amount as did the LPA1 MO.
Injection of 15 ng of both MO simultaneously caused a reduction in actin
comparable to the higher doses of the individual MOs. Scale bar: 10 µm. (C)
Embryos depleted of either LPA receptor or both exhibited delays in
gastrulation and closure of the blastopore. Scale bar: 280 µm. (D) An array
of defects was seen in depleted embryos during the neurula stages from
reduction in the size of neural folds to failure of the neural folds to form.
Scale bar: 350 µm. (E) At late tail-bud stages (St. 37-8), embryos
displayed pleiotropic defects including a shortened anteroposterior axis,
reduced heads, and an open neural tube. Scale bar: 450 µm.
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