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Fig. 4. Similarities and hypothetical relationships between surfaces in
crustaceans and insects. (A) Expression of Vvl in thoracic
appendages of Artemia franciscana. Four appendages of increasing
maturity are shown, immunochemically stained with an anti-Vvl antibody: (a)
onset of Vvl expression; (b) early uniform Vvl expression; (c) the beginning
of Vvl upregulation in the distal epipod/gill; and (d) higher levels of Vvl in
the distal epipod of near-mature appendages. (B) Higher magnification
of mature epipod, showing high levels and nuclear localization of Vvl.
(C-E) Expression of trh and vvl in thoracic
appendages of Parhyale hawaiensis, visualized by in situ
hybridization. (C) Expression of Parhyale trh in thoracic appendages,
showing strong staining in epipods but no staining in the endopods/legs. (D)
Expression of Parhyale vvl at an early stage of appendage
development, showing specific expression in the primordia of epipods. Cells
are visualized by nuclear staining with DAPI. (E) Expression of Parhyale
vvl at a late stage of appendage development. (F) Engrailed
staining in the distal epipods/gills of the crayfish Pacifastacus
leniusculus. The anterior gill comprises exclusively
non-en-expressing cells (labelled A), whereas the posterior gill
comprises both non-en- and en-expressing cells (labelled
AP). (G) Nubbin/Pdm staining in the same epipods/gills in crayfish. Nub
is expressed only in the posterior gill (labelled AP). (H) Summary of
hypothetical relationships between insect tracheae and crustacean gills.
Colour code is cyan for appendages/legs (expressing Dll in all
arthropods), red for AP gills and insect wings (straddling the AP boundary,
and expressing nub and vvl/trh), and green for A gills and
insect tracheae (comprising anterior cells only, and expressing vvl
and trh, but not nub).
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