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Fig. 5. Analysis of chick frontal bone development with the RISAP replication-incompetent virus. (A-F) Viral injections into condensations in areas `I' and `II' (dark red spots) labeled large portions of the developing frontal bone (A,D), with cells contributing to the anterior (B) and posterior (E) halves of the frontal bone, respectively. Expansion of the two condensations results in a relatively sharp boundary between the anterior and posterior parts, but no suture forms (arrowheads; C,F). Notice that cells from the anterior condensation contribute to the more posterior part (C). (G-L) Skeletal phenotypes in frontal bones after condensations were infected with the RCAS-based viral constructs at E6. Bone and cartilage mineralized structures were revealed with alizarin red (bone) and Alcian blue (cartilage) histological stains. (G) Normal ossification pattern of the posterior frontal bone in E15 embryos. The top, side and back of the skull are covered with membranous bone. Infection with RCAS::noggin led to a loss of bone mineralization in the posterior (H) parts of the frontal bone. By contrast, infection of the posterior (I) and anterior (L) frontal bone with RCAS::Bmp4 led to a loss of mineralized bone material and its replacement with cartilage. (J) RCAS::Ihh misexpression resulted in a significant decrease of frontal bone mineralization, a phenotype that was similar to that of RCAS::PTHrP misexpression (K). Scale bars: 0.7 cm in B,E; 2 mm in G.

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