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Fig. 1. Inferred evolutionary history of petals and MADS-box genes in the
eudicots. (A,B) Alternative scenarios for the evolution of
petals. (A) The evolution of a bipartite perianth occurred independently in
the lineage leading to the Ranunculales as compared with the core eudicots.
(B) The evolution of a bipartite perianth occurred prior to the radiation of
the eudicots, with losses of this character in multiple lineages.
(C,D) Summary of phylogenetic analyses. For comprehensive
phylogenetic analyses, see Figs S1, S2 in the supplementary material. (C) The
duplication of paleoAP3-like genes resulting in PapsAP3-1
and PapsAP3-2 occurred within the Ranunculales, pre-dating the
divergence of the Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae. (D) The duplication of
PI-like genes occurred relatively recently in the Papaveraceae,
leading to PapsPI-1 and PapsPI-2 in P. somniferum.
Clades in bold represent those containing Paps genes described in
this study.
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