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Fig. 4. Functional analyses of PapsAP3 and PapsPI genes using
virus-induced gene silencing. (A) Wild-type poppy flower. Scanning
electron micrographs (SEMs) of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepals; abaxial (c)
and adaxial (d) petals; anther (e) and filament (f) of stamens; carpel wall
(g) and ovules (h). (B) vigsAP3-1 (silenced for PapsAP3-1)
flower showing homeotic transformation of petals into sepaloid organs. SEM of
abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals. (C) vigsAP3-2 flower
showing variable transformations of stamens to carpeloid structures. Range of
carpeloidy in stamens (a). SEM of carpeloid stamen with stigmatic ray
overlying anther tissue (b) and showing the presence of ectopic ovules (c).
(D) vigsAP3-D (vigsAP3-1/AP3-2) flower showing a strong homeotic
transformation of petals and stamens. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b)
sepaloid petals; abaxial surface (c) and ectopic ovules of carpeloid stamens
(d). (E) vigsPI-1 flower displaying homeotic transformations in petals
and stamens. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals; emerging
ovule at junction of anther and filament of carpeloid stamen (c) and examples
of stigmatic tissue overlying the anther of carpeloid stamens (d). (F)
vigsPI-D (vigsPI-1/PI-2) flower showing strong homeotic transformations of
petals and stamens. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals;
abaxial surface (c) and ovules of carpeloid stamens (d). Scale bars: 30 µm
in Aa-f, Ba,b, Da,b, Ea,b, Fa,b; 10 µm in Ag, Dc, Fc; 100 µm in Ah, Cc,
Dd, Ec,d, Fd; 300 µm in Cb.
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