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Fig. 4. Embryonic origin of the graft influences cell fate decision in a
transplantation assay. (A) Pentachrome staining shows that the
homotopic transplantation of tibial periosteum into a tibial defect results in
robust bone formation through intramembranous ossification at post-surgical
day 10. (B) GFP antibody staining reveals that the majority of the
regenerate is derived from the grafted periosteum. (C,D)
Similarly, the homotopic graft of mandibular periosteum into a mandibular
injury induces direct differentiation into bone (C) and, again, the majority
of the regenerate is derived from the GFP-positive graft (D). (E)
Placement of neural crest-derived periosteum into a mesoderm-derived injury
site results in intramembranous bone formation. (F) GFP
immunohistochemistry confirmed that the grafted cells are actively committed
to the healing response. (G) However, when tibial periosteum is
transplanted into a mandible, the cells undergo endochondral ossification.
(H) High magnification of the cartilage condensation reveals that the
cells are undergoing hypertrophy. (I) Histomorphometry of the four
grafting scenarios; see Materials and methods for details. *, # and
+ indicate significant differences; P
0.01. (J,K)
Safranin O/Fast Green staining and GFP immunohistochemistry show the spatial
correlation of chondrogenesis and the graft. ca, cartilage; is, injury site;
mn, mandible; tib, tibia. Scale bar: 200 µm in A,C,E; 100 µm in
B,D,F,J,K; 400 µm in G; 50 µm in H.
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