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Figure 11


Fig. 11. Model of Cai2+ action in laterality. (A) At HH3++/HH4-elevated Cai2+ (green) appears along the anterior Hensen's node (HN), overlapping with RyR expression; its appearance requires RyR and proton ATPases. A transient depolarization is also observed to the left of Hensen's node (HN) and the primitive streak (PS). Gap junctions (blue dots) may relay and stabilize these early signals. (B) Left-side Cai2+ enrichment occurs at HH4+/HH5-, and the head process (HP) bifurcates the Cai2+ field. Shh (dark blue) becomes left-side restricted in the node. Midline expression of serotonin, 5-HT3, 5-HT4 and H+K+ATPase reduces Cai2+ and makes a barrier (light blue) for autonomous LR regulation of Cai2+. (C) By HH6, left Cai2+ is substantially enriched. Factors including RA, RyR, extracellular calcium and the H+V-ATPase sustain left Cai2+ elevation and Nodal induction, whereas serotonin effectors and the H+K+-ATPase suppress right Cai2+. Extracellular calcium activates Notch and supports CICR RyR. See text for details.





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