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Fig. 8. Craniofacial defects of neural-crest-specific G ${alpha}$ _q/G ${alpha}$ ₁₁-deficient mice. (A-E) Skeletal structures of E18.5 P0-Cre^-/-;G ${alpha}$ ^flox/flox_q;G ${alpha}$ ₁₁ ^-/- (control) (A,C), P0-Cre^-/+;G ${alpha}$ ^flox/flox_q;G ${alpha}$ ^-/-₁₁ (G ${alpha}$ _q/G ${alpha}$ ₁₁-deficient) (B,D) and Ednra^lacZ/B (E) mice. G ${alpha}$ _q/G ${alpha}$ ₁₁-deficient mice have a duplicated set of the maxilla, jugal, palatine, pterygoid and lamina obturans, and relatively well-developed incisive alveolus in the distal mandibular region (arrowheads), as Ednra^lacZ/B mice. (F-H) Transformed mandibular components (ectopic maxilla, jugal and palatine bones) of G ${alpha}$ _q/G ${alpha}$ ₁₁-deficient (F), Ednra^lacZ/B (G) and Ednra^neo/neo (H) mice. (I,J) Hyoid and thyroid cartilages of control (I) and G ${alpha}$ _q/G ${alpha}$ ₁₁-deficient (J) mice. Unlike Ednra-null hyoid, the G ${alpha}$ _q/G ${alpha}$ ₁₁-deficient hyoid is not fused to the basisphenoid. Instead, the body has an extended ossification center and is fused with the lesser horn of the hyoid and the superior horn of the thyroid (arrow). bh, body of hyoid; bs, basisphenoid; btp, basitrabecular process; dnt, dentary; etm, ectotympanic; ghh, greater horn of hyoid; hy, hyoid; ina, incisive alveolus of dentary; jg, jugal; lhh, lesser horn of hyoid; lo, lamina obturans; mx, maxilla; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; ptg, pterygoid; sht, superior horn of the thyroid; sq, squamosal; ^*, ectopic structure.

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