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Armstrong, N., Hardin, J. and McClay, D. R (1993). Cell-cell interactions regulate skeleton formation in the sea urchin embryo. Development 119, 833-840.[Abstract]

Bisgrove, B. and Raff, R. A (1989). Homology between the larval nervous system of typical and direct developing sea urchins. Dev. Growth Differ 31, 363-370.

Brandhorst, B. P., Filion, M., Nisson, P. E. and Crain, W. R., Jr. ( (1991). Restricted expression of the Lytechinus pictus Spec1 gene homologue in reciprocal hybrid embryos with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Dev. Biol 144, 405-411.[Medline]

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Conlon, R. A., Tufaro, F. and Brandhorst, B. P (1987). Post-transcriptional restriction of gene expression in sea urchin interspecies hybrid embryos. Genes. Dev 1, 337-346.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Davidson, E. H (1989). Lineage-specific gene expression and the regulative capacities of the sea urchin embryo: a proposed mechanism. Development 105, 421-445.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Davidson, E. H (1990). How embryos work: a comparative view of diverse modes of cell fate specification. Development 108, 365-389.[Abstract]

Davidson, E. H., Cameron, R. A. and Ransick, A (1998). Specification of cell fate in the sea urchin embryo: summary and some proposed mechanisms. Development 125, 3269-3290.[Abstract]

Emlet, R. B (1995). Larval spicules, cilia, and symmetry as remnants of indirect development in the direct developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Dev. Biol 167, 405-415.[Medline]

Ferkowicz, M. J., Stander, M. C. and Raff, R. A (1998). Phylogenetic relationships and developmental expression of three sea urchin Wnt genes. Mol. Biol. Evol 15, 809-819.[Abstract]

Fujisawa, H (1993). Temperature sensitivity of a hybrid between two species of sea urchin differing in thermotolerance. Dev. Growth Differ 35, 395-401.

Hardin, J. and McClay, D. R (1991). Target recognition by the archenteron during sea urchin gastrulation. Dev. Biol 142, 86-102.

Henry, J. J. and Raff, R. A (1990). Evolutionary change in the process of dorsoventral axis determination in the direct developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Dev. Biol 141, 55-69.[Medline]

Henry, J. J., Wray, G. A. and Raff, R. A (1990). The dorsoventral axis is specified prior to first cleavage in the direct developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Development 110, 875-884.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Henry, J. J., Wray, G. A., and Raff, R. A. ( (1991). Mechanism of an alternate type of echinoderm blastula formation: The wrinkled blastula of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Dev. Growth Differ 33, 317-328.

Jeffery, W. R. and Swalla, B. J (1991). An evolutionary change in the muscle lineage of an anural ascidian embryo is restored by interspecific hybridization with a urodele ascidian. Dev. Biol 145, 328-337.[Medline]

Jeffery, W. R. and Swalla, B. J (1992). Factors necessary for restoring an evolutionary change in an anural ascidian embryo. Dev. Biol 153, 194-205.[Medline]

Kissinger, J.C., Hahn, J. H. and Raff, R. A (1997). Rapid evolution in a conserved gene family. Evolution of the actin gene family in the sea urchin genus Heliocidaris and related genera. Mol. Biol. Evol 14, 654-665.[Abstract]

Marshall, C. R., Raff, E. C. and Raff, R. A (1994). Dollo's Law and the death and resurrection of genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 12283-12287.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

McCain, E. R. and McClay, D. R (1994). The establishment of bilateral asymmetry in sea urchin embryos. Development 120, 395-404.[Abstract]

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McMillan, W. O., Raff, R. A. and Palumbi, S. R (1993). Population genetic consequences of developmental evolution in sea urchins (Genus Heliocidaris ). Evolution 46, 1299-1312.

Nisson, P. E., Dike, L. E. and Crain, W. R., Jr (1989). Three Strongylocentrotus purpuratus actin genes show correct cell-specific expression in hybrid embryos of S. purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus. Development 105, 407-413.[Abstract]

Nisson, P. E., Gaudette, M. F., Brandhorst, B. P., Crain, W. R., Jr (1992). Mutually exclusive expression of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratusSpec1 gene and its Lytechinus pictus homologue in cells of hybrid embryos. Development 114, 193-201.[Abstract]

Raff, R. A (1987). Constraint, flexibility, and phylogenetic history in the evolution of direct development in sea urchins. Dev. Biol 119, 6-19.[Medline]

Raff, R. A., Herlands, L., Morris, V. B. and Healy, J (1990). Evolutionary modification of echinoid sperm correlates with developmental mode. Dev. Growth Differ 32, 283-291.

Smith, M. J., Boom, J. D. G. and Raff, R. A (1990). Single copy DNA distance between two congeneric sea urchin species exhibiting radically different modes of development. Mol. Biol. Evol 7, 315-326.[Abstract]

Swalla, B. J. and Jeffery, W. R (1996). Requirement of the Manx gene for expression of chordate features in a tailless ascidian larva. Science 274, 1205-1208.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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Wikramanayake, A. H. and Klein, W. H (1996). Multiple signaling events specify ectoderm and pattern the oral-aboral axis in the sea urchin embryo. Development 124, 13-20.[Abstract]

Wray, G. A. and Raff, R. A (1990). Novel origins of lineage founder cells in the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Dev. Biol 141, 41-54.[Medline]

Wray, G. A. and Raff, R. A (1991). Rapid evolution of gastrulation mechanisms in a direct-developing sea urchin. Evolution 45, 1741-1750.





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