|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
First published online 29 September 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01400
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biology, University of
Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley,
CA 94720, USA
Author for correspondence (e-mail:
justin.goodrich{at}ed.ac.uk)
Accepted 16 August 2004
In Arabidopsis, the EMBYRONIC FLOWER2 (EMF2), VERNALISATION2 (VRN2) and FERTILISATION INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM2 (FIS2) genes encode related Polycomb-group (Pc-G) proteins. Their homologues in animals act together with other Pc-G proteins as part of a multimeric complex, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), which functions as a histone methyltransferase. Despite similarities between the fis2 mutant phenotype and those of some other plant Pc-G members, it has remained unclear how the FIS2/EMF2/VRN2 class Pc-G genes interact with the others. We have identified a weak emf2 allele that reveals a novel phenotype with striking similarity to that of severe mutations in another Pc-G gene, CURLY LEAF (CLF), suggesting that the two genes may act in a common pathway. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that EMF2 and CLF interact genetically and that this reflects interaction of their protein products through two conserved motifs, the VEFS domain and the C5 domain. We show that the full function of CLF is masked by partial redundancy with a closely related gene, SWINGER (SWN), so that null clf mutants have a much less severe phenotype than emf2 mutants. Analysis in yeast further indicates a potential for the CLF and SWN proteins to interact with the other VEFS domain proteins VRN2 and FIS2. The functions of individual Pc-G members may therefore be broader than single mutant phenotypes reveal. We suggest that plants have Pc-G protein complexes similar to the Polycomb Repressive Complex2 (PRC2) of animals, but the duplication and subsequent diversification of components has given rise to different complexes with partially discrete functions.
Key words: Polycomb, Flowering, VEFS domain
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
Related articles in Development:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  N. Li and H. G. Dickinson Balance between maternal and paternal alleles sets the timing of resource accumulation in the maize endosperm Proc R Soc B, January 7, 2010; 277(1678): 3 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Doyle and R. M. Amasino A Single Amino Acid Change in the Enhancer of Zeste Ortholog CURLY LEAF Results in Vernalization-Independent, Rapid Flowering in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, November 1, 2009; 151(3): 1688 - 1697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Liu, Z. Thong, and H. Yu Coming into bloom: the specification of floral meristems Development, October 15, 2009; 136(20): 3379 - 3391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Zheng, N. Ren, H. Wang, A. J. Stromberg, and S. E. Perry Global Identification of Targets of the Arabidopsis MADS Domain Protein AGAMOUS-Like15 PLANT CELL, September 1, 2009; 21(9): 2563 - 2577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mosquna, A. Katz, E. L. Decker, S. A. Rensing, R. Reski, and N. Ohad Regulation of stem cell maintenance by the Polycomb protein FIE has been conserved during land plant evolution Development, July 15, 2009; 136(14): 2433 - 2444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Sanchez, M. Y. Kim, M. Calonje, Y.-H. Moon, and Z. R. Sung Temporal and Spatial Requirement of EMF1 Activity for Arabidopsis Vegetative and Reproductive Development Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 643 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Alexandre, Y. Moller-Steinbach, N. Schonrock, W. Gruissem, and L. Hennig Arabidopsis MSI1 Is Required for Negative Regulation of the Response to Drought Stress Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 675 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Zhang and J. Ogas An Epigenetic Perspective on Developmental Regulation of Seed Genes Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 610 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Luo, D. Platten, A. Chaudhury, W.J. Peacock, and E. S. Dennis Expression, Imprinting, and Evolution of Rice Homologs of the Polycomb Group Genes Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 711 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-J. Chen, Z.-Y. Diao, C. Specht, and Z. R. Sung Molecular Evolution of VEF-Domain-Containing PcG Genes in Plants Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 738 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Miyake, N. Takebayashi, and D. E. Wolf Possible Diversifying Selection in the Imprinted Gene, MEDEA, in Arabidopsis Mol. Biol. Evol., April 1, 2009; 26(4): 843 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Lodha, C.F. Marco, and M.C.P. Timmermans Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Stem Cell Homeostasis in Plants Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 15, 2009; (2009) sqb.2008.73.044v1. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. De Lucia, P. Crevillen, A. M. E. Jones, T. Greb, and C. Dean Inaugural Article: A PHD-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 triggers the epigenetic silencing of FLC during vernalization PNAS, November 4, 2008; 105(44): 16831 - 16836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Joshi, E. A. Carrington, L. Wang, C. S. Ketel, E. L. Miller, R. S. Jones, and J. A. Simon Dominant Alleles Identify SET Domain Residues Required for Histone Methyltransferase of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 J. Biol. Chem., October 10, 2008; 283(41): 27757 - 27766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Zhang, S. D. Rider Jr., J. T. Henderson, M. Fountain, K. Chuang, V. Kandachar, A. Simons, H. J. Edenberg, J. Romero-Severson, W. M. Muir, et al. The CHD3 Remodeler PICKLE Promotes Trimethylation of Histone H3 Lysine 27 J. Biol. Chem., August 15, 2008; 283(33): 22637 - 22648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Tang, A. Hou, M. Babu, V. Nguyen, L. Hurtado, Q. Lu, J. C. Reyes, A. Wang, W. A. Keller, J. J. Harada, et al. The Arabidopsis BRAHMA Chromatin-Remodeling ATPase Is Involved in Repression of Seed Maturation Genes in Leaves Plant Physiology, July 1, 2008; 147(3): 1143 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Calonje, R. Sanchez, L. Chen, and Z. R. Sung EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 Participates in Polycomb Group-Mediated AG Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, February 1, 2008; 20(2): 277 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Chen, J. L. H. Tan, M. Ingouff, V. Sundaresan, and F. Berger Chromatin assembly factor 1 regulates the cell cycle but not cell fate during male gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Development, January 1, 2008; 135(1): 65 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Saleh, A. Al-Abdallat, I. Ndamukong, R. Alvarez-Venegas, and Z. Avramova The Arabidopsis homologs of trithorax (ATX1) and enhancer of zeste (CLF) establish 'bivalent chromatin marks' at the silent AGAMOUS locus Nucleic Acids Res., September 25, 2007; 35(18): 6290 - 6296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Barrero, R. Gonzalez-Bayon, J. C. del Pozo, M. R. Ponce, and J. L. Micol INCURVATA2 Encodes the Catalytic Subunit of DNA Polymerase {alpha} and Interacts with Genes Involved in Chromatin-Mediated Cellular Memory in Arabidopsis thaliana PLANT CELL, September 1, 2007; 19(9): 2822 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ingouff, P. E. Jullien, and F. Berger The Female Gametophyte and the Endosperm Control Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Seed Coat in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, December 1, 2006; 18(12): 3491 - 3501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kim, K. Choi, C. Park, H.-J. Hwang, and I. Lee SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4, Encoding a C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, Represses Flowering by Transcriptional Activation of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C PLANT CELL, November 1, 2006; 18(11): 2985 - 2998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sung and R. M. Amasino Molecular genetic studies of the memory of winter J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2006; 57(13): 3369 - 3377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Wood, M. Robertson, G. Tanner, W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, and C. A. Helliwell The Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization response requires a polycomb-like protein complex that also includes VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 PNAS, September 26, 2006; 103(39): 14631 - 14636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Wang, M. D. Tyson, S. S. Jackson, and R. Yadegari Partially redundant functions of two SET-domain polycomb-group proteins in controlling initiation of seed development in Arabidopsis PNAS, August 29, 2006; 103(35): 13244 - 13249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Schonrock, R. Bouveret, O. Leroy, L. Borghi, C. Kohler, W. Gruissem, and L. Hennig Polycomb-group proteins repressthe floral activator AGL19 in the FLC-independent vernalization pathway. Genes & Dev., June 15, 2006; 20(12): 1667 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Baroux, V. Gagliardini, D. R. Page, and U. Grossniklaus Dynamic regulatory interactions of Polycomb group genes: MEDEA autoregulation is required for imprinted gene expression in Arabidopsis. Genes & Dev., May 1, 2006; 20(9): 1081 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Bouveret, N. Schonrock, W. Gruissem, and L. Hennig Regulation of flowering time by Arabidopsis MSI1 Development, May 1, 2006; 133(9): 1693 - 1702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Mylne, L. Barrett, F. Tessadori, S. Mesnage, L. Johnson, Y. V. Bernatavichute, S. E. Jacobsen, P. Fransz, and C. Dean LHP1, the Arabidopsis homologue of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1, is required for epigenetic silencing of FLC PNAS, March 28, 2006; 103(13): 5012 - 5017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Choi, S. Kim, S. Y. Kim, M. Kim, Y. Hyun, H. Lee, S. Choe, S.-G. Kim, S. Michaels, and I. Lee SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA3 Encodes a Nuclear ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 Required for Floral Repression in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, October 1, 2005; 17(10): 2647 - 2660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
