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First published online 3 November 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01516
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1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The
George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
2 Department of Ophthalmology, MEEI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138,
USA
Author for correspondence (e-mail:
anasam{at}gwumc.edu)
Accepted 28 September 2004
Cranial placodes, which give rise to sensory organs in the vertebrate head, are important embryonic structures whose development has not been well studied because of their transient nature and paucity of molecular markers. We have used markers of pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) (six1, eya1) to determine that gradients of both neural inducers and anteroposterior signals are necessary to induce and appropriately position the PPE. Overexpression of six1 expands the PPE at the expense of neural crest and epidermis, whereas knock-down of Six1 results in reduction of the PPE domain and expansion of the neural plate, neural crest and epidermis. Using expression of activator and repressor constructs of six1 or co-expression of wild-type six1 with activating or repressing co-factors (eya1 and groucho, respectively), we demonstrate that Six1 inhibits neural crest and epidermal genes via transcriptional repression and enhances PPE genes via transcriptional activation. Ectopic expression of neural plate, neural crest and epidermal genes in the PPE demonstrates that these factors mutually influence each other to establish the appropriate boundaries between these ectodermal domains.
Key words: Pre-placodal ectoderm, Neural crest, foxD3, zic2, sox2, sox3, keratin, dlx5, dlx6, Cell fate determination, Patterning, Xenopus
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