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First published online 20 April 2005
doi: 10.1242/dev.01814

Development 132, 2401-2413 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
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Six3 functions in anterior neural plate specification by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting Bmp4 expression

Gaia Gestri1,2,3, Matthias Carl3, Irene Appolloni1,2, Stephen W. Wilson3, Giuseppina Barsacchi1,2 and Massimiliano Andreazzoli1,2,*

1 Sezione di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Fisiologia, e Biochimica, Universita' degli Studi di Pisa, Via Carducci 13, 56010 Ghezzano (Pisa), Italy
2 AMBISEN Center, High Technology Center for the Study of the Environmental Damage of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems, Universita' degli Studi di Pisa, Italy
3 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: andream{at}dfb.unipi.it)

Accepted 16 February 2005

Although it is well established that Six3 is a crucial regulator of vertebrate eye and forebrain development, it is unknown whether this homeodomain protein has a role in the initial specification of the anterior neural plate. In this study, we show that exogenous Six3 can expand the anterior neural plate in both Xenopus and zebrafish, and that this occurs in part through Six3-dependent transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle regulators cyclinD1 and p27Xic1, as well as the anti-neurogenic genes Zic2 and Xhairy2. However, Six3 can still expand the neural plate in the presence of cell cycle inhibitors and we show that this is likely to be due to its ability to repress the expression of Bmp4 in ectoderm adjacent to the anterior neural plate. Furthermore, exogenous Six3 is able to restore the size of the anterior neural plate in chordino mutant zebrafish, indicating that it has the ability to promote anterior neural development by antagonising the activity of the BMP pathway. On its own, Six3 is unable to induce neural tissue in animal caps, but it can do so in combination with Otx2. These results suggest a very early role for Six3 in specification of the anterior neural plate, through the regulation of cell proliferation and the inhibition of BMP signalling.

Key words: Six3, Cell proliferation, Cell fate, Bmp4, Xenopus, Zebrafish


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