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First published online 21 November 2007
doi: 10.1242/dev.006486

Development 135, 3-9 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
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Review

Biogenesis and germline functions of piRNAs

Carla Klattenhoff and William Theurkauf*

Program in Molecular Medicine, Program in Cell Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: william.theurkauf{at}umassmed.edu)

Accepted 15 October 2007

SUMMARY

Small interfering RNAs and microRNAs are generated from double-stranded RNA precursors by the Dicer endonucleases, and function with Argonaute-family proteins to target transcript destruction or to silence translation. A distinct class of 24- to 30-nucleotide-long RNAs, produced by a Dicer-independent mechanism, associates with Piwi-class Argonaute proteins. Studies in flies, fish and mice implicate these Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs) in germline development, silencing of selfish DNA elements, and in maintaining germline DNA integrity. However, whether piRNAs primarily control chromatin organization, gene transcription, RNA stability or RNA translation is not well understood, neither is piRNA biogenesis. Here, we review recent studies of piRNA production and function, and discuss unanswered questions about this intriguing new class of small RNAs.




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