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First published online October 23, 2009
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.030338

Development 136, 3699-3714 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
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Review

The regulation of TGFβ signal transduction

Aristidis Moustakas and Carl-Henrik Heldin

Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 595, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.

aris.moustakas{at}licr.uu.se; c-h.heldin{at}licr.uu.se

SUMMARY

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFβ ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate, intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFβ family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFβ signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.


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