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Development ePress online publication date 1 Mar 2006
doi: 10.1242/dev.02297

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Research article

Cooperative action of Sox9, Snail2 and PKA signaling in early neural crest development


Daisuke Sakai, Takashi Suzuki, Noriko Osumi, and Yoshio Wakamatsu*
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: wakasama{at}mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp)

In neural crest formation, transcription factors, such as group E Sox and Snail1/Snail2 (Slug) regulate subsequent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration. In particular, Sox9 has a strong effect on neural crest formation, EMT and differentiation of crest-derived cartilages in the cranium. It remains unclear, however, how Sox9 functions in these events, and how Sox9 activity is regulated. In this study, our gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments reveal that Sox9 is essential for BMP signal-mediated induction of Snail2 and subsequent EMT in avian neural crest. We also show that Snail2 activates the Snail2 promoter, although Snail family proteins have been known as a repressor. Consistently, Sox9 directly activates the Snail2 promoter in synergy with, and through a direct binding to, Snail2. Finally, functions of these transcription factors in neural crest cells are enhanced by PKA signaling.
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