Advertisement
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Xom: a Xenopus homeobox gene that mediates the early effects of BMP-4
R. Ladher, T.J. Mohun, J.C. Smith, A.M. Snape
Development 1996 122: 2385-2394;

Summary

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is thought to play an important role in early Xenopus development by acting as a ‘ventralizing factor’ and as an epidermal determinant: local inhibition of BMP-4 function in whole embryos causes the formation of an additional dorsal axis, and inhibition of BMP-4 function in isolated ectodermal cells causes the formation of neural tissue. In this paper we describe a homeobox-containing gene whose expression pattern is similar to that of BMP-4, whose expression requires BMP-4 signalling and which, when over-expressed, causes a phenotype similar to that caused by over-expression of BMP-4. We suggest that this gene, which we call Xom, acts downstream of BMP-4 to mediate its effects.

Reference

    1. Bassez T.,
    2. Paris J.,
    3. Omilli F.,
    4. Dorel C.,
    5. Osbourne H. B.
    (1990) Post-transcriptional regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Development 110, 955–962
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Cho K. W. Y.,
    2. Blumberg B.,
    3. Steinbeisser H.,
    4. De Robertis E. M.
    (1991) Molecular nature of Spemann's organizer: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene goosecoid. Cell 67, 1111–1120
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Chomczynski P.
    (1993) A reagent for the single step isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. BioTechniques 15, 532–537
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Christian J. L.,
    2. Moon R. T.
    (1993) Interactions between Xwnt-8 and Spemann organizer signaling pathways generate dorsoventral pattern in the embryonic mesoderm of Xenopus. Genes Dev 7, 13–28
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Clements J. H.,
    2. Fettes P.,
    3. Knöchel S.,
    4. Lef J.,
    5. Knöchel W.
    (1995) Bone morphogenetic protein 2 in the early development of Xenopus laevis. Mech. Dev 52, 357–370
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Cooke J.,
    2. Smith J. C.,
    3. Smith E. J.,
    4. Yaqoob M.
    (1987) The organization of mesodermal pattern in Xenopus laevis: experiments using a Xenopus mesoderm-inducing factor. Development 101, 893–908
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Crompton M. R.,
    2. Bartlett T. J.,
    3. MacGregor A. D.,
    4. Manfioletti G.,
    5. Buratti E.,
    6. Giancotti V.,
    7. Goodwin G. H.
    (1992) Identification of a novel vertebrate homeobox gene expressed in haematopoietic cells. Nucl. Acids Res 20, 5661–5667
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Cunliffe V.,
    2. Smith J. C.
    (1994) Specification of mesodermal pattern in Xenopus laevis by interactions between Brachyury, noggin and Xwnt-8. EMBO J 13, 349–359
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Dale L.,
    2. Howes G.,
    3. Price B. M.,
    4. Smith J. C.
    (1992) Bone morphogenetic protein 4: a ventralizing factor in early Xenopus development. Development 115, 573–85
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Dale L.,
    2. Matthews G.,
    3. Colman A.
    (1993) Secretion and mesoderm-inducing activity of the TGF-beta related domain of Xenopus Vg1. EMBO J 12, 4471–4480
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Dear T. N.,
    2. Sanchez-Garcia I.,
    3. Rabbitts T. H.
    (1993) The Hox 11 gene encodes a DNA-binding nuclear transcription factor belonging to a distinct family of homeobox genes. Proc. natn Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4431–4435
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Fainsod A.,
    2. Steinbeisser H.,
    3. De Robertis E. M.
    (1995) On the function of BMP-4 in patterning the marginal zone of the Xenopus embryo. EMBO J 13, 5015–5025
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Graff J. M.,
    2. Thies R. S.,
    3. Song J. J.,
    4. Celeste A. J.,
    5. Melton D. A.
    (1994) Studies with a Xenopus BMP receptor suggest that ventral mesoderm-inducing signals override dorsal signals in vivo. Cell 79, 169–179
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Green J. B. A.,
    2. Howes G.,
    3. Symes K.,
    4. Cooke J.,
    5. Smith J. C.
    (1990) The biological effects of XTC-MIF: quantitative comparison with Xenopus bFGF. Development 108, 229–38
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Harland R. M.
    (1991) In situ hybridization: an improved whole mount method for Xenopus embryos. Meth. Enzymol 36, 675–685
    OpenUrl
    1. Higashijima S.,
    2. Michiue T.,
    3. Emori Y.,
    4. Saigo K.
    (1992) Dual Bar homeobox genes of Drosophila are required in two photoreceptor cells, R1 and R6, for normal eye development. Genes Dev 6, 50–60
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Higashijima S.,
    2. Michiue T.,
    3. Emori Y.,
    4. Saigo K.
    (1992) Subtype determination of Drosophila embryonic external sensory organs by redundant homeobox genes BarH1 and BarH2. Genes Dev 6, 1005–1018
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Jones C. M.,
    2. Dale L.,
    3. Hogan B. L. M.,
    4. Wright C. V. E.,
    5. Smith J. C.
    (1996) Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) exerts its ventralizing effects on embryonic mesoderm during gastrula stages in Xenopus development. Development 122, 1545–1554
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Jones C. M.,
    2. Kuehn M. R.,
    3. Hogan B. L. M.,
    4. Smith J. C.,
    5. Wright C. V. E.
    (1995) Nodal-related signals induce axial mesoderm and dorsalize mesoderm during gastrulation. Development 121, 3651–3662
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Jones C. M.,
    2. Lyons K. M.,
    3. Lapan P. M.,
    4. Wright C. V. E.,
    5. Hogan B. L. M.
    (1992) DVR-4 (Bone morphogenetic protein-4) as a posterior-ventralizing factor in Xenopus mesoderm induction. Development 115, 639–647
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Kennedy M. A.,
    2. Gozalez-Sarmiento R.,
    3. Kees U. R.,
    4. Lampert F.,
    5. Dear T. M.,
    6. Boehm T.,
    7. Rabbitts T. H.
    (1991) Hox 11, a homeobox-containing T cell oncogene found on human chromosome 10q24. Proc. natn Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8900–8904
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Kintner C. R.,
    2. Brockes J. P.
    (1984) Monoclonal antibodies recognise blastemal cells derived from differentiating muscle in newt limb regeneration. Nature 308, 67–69
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Krieg P. A.,
    2. Melton D. A.
    (1984) Functional messenger RNAs are produced by SP6 in vitro transcription of cloned cDNA. Nucl. Acids Res 12, 7057–7070
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ma J.,
    2. Ptashne M.
    (1987) Deletion analysis of GAL4 defines two transcriptional activating segments. Cell 48, 847–853
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Maeno M.,
    2. Ong R. C.,
    3. Suzuki A.,
    4. Ueno N.,
    5. Kung H. F.
    (1994) A truncated bone morphogenetic protein 4 receptor alters the fate of ventral mesoderm to dorsal mesoderm: roles of animal pole tissue in the development of ventral mesoderm. Proc. natn Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10260–10264
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Mermod N.,
    2. O'Neill E. A.,
    3. Kelley T. J.,
    4. Tjian R.
    (1989) The proline rich transcriptional activator of CTF/NF-1 is distinct from the replication and DNA binding domain. Cell 58, 741–753
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Mohun T. J.,
    2. Garrett N.,
    3. Stutz F.,
    4. Spohr G.
    (1988) A third striated muscle actin gene is expressed during early development in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. J Mol. Biol 202, 67–76
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Sargent M. G.,
    2. Bennett M. F.
    (1990) Identification in Xenopus of a structural homologue of the Drosophila gene Snail. Development 109, 967–973
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Sasai Y.,
    2. Lu B.,
    3. Steinbeisser H.,
    4. De Robertis E. M.
    (1995) Regulation of neural induction by the Chd and Bmp-4 antagonistic patterning signals in Xenopus. Nature 376, 333–336
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Sasai Y.,
    2. Lu B.,
    3. Steinbeisser H.,
    4. Geisssert D.,
    5. Gont L. K.,
    6. De Robertis E. M.
    (1994) Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. Cell 79, 779–790
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Schmidt J. E.,
    2. Suzuki A.,
    3. Ueno N.,
    4. Kimelman D.
    (1995) Localized BMP-4 mediates dorsal/ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol 169, 37–50
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Slack J. M. W.
    (1984) Regional biosynthetic markers in the early amphibian embryo. J. Embryol. exp. Morph 80, 289–319
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Smith J. C.,
    2. Price B. M. J.,
    3. Green J. B. A.,
    4. Weigel D.,
    5. Herrmann B. G.
    (1991) Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction. Cell 67, 79–87
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Smith J. C.,
    2. Price B. M. J.,
    3. Van N. K.,
    4. Huylebroeck D.
    (1990) Identification of a potent Xenopus mesoderm-inducing factor as a homologue of activin A. Nature 345, 732–4
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Smith J. C.,
    2. Slack J. M. W.
    (1983) Dorsalization and neural induction: properties of the organizer in Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph 78, 299–317
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Smith J. C.,
    2. Watt F. M.
    (1985) Biochemical specificity of Xenopus notochord. Differentiation 29, 109–115
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Smith W. C.,
    2. Harland R. M.
    (1991) Injected Xwnt-8 RNA acts early in Xenopus embryos to promote formation of a vegetal dorsalizing center. Cell 67, 753–765
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Smith W. C.,
    2. Harland R. M.
    (1992) Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos. Cell 70, 829–840
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Smith W. C.,
    2. Knecht A. K.,
    3. Wu M.,
    4. Harland R. M.
    (1993) Secreted noggin protein mimics the Spemann organizer in dorsalizing Xenopus mesoderm. Nature 361, 547–549
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Smith W. C.,
    2. McKendry R.,
    3. Ribisi S. J.,
    4. Harland R. M.
    (1995) A nodal -related gene defines a physical and functional domain within the Spemann organizer. Cell 82, 37–46
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Suzuki A.,
    2. Thies R. S.,
    3. Yamiji N.,
    4. Song J. J.,
    5. Wozney J. M.,
    6. Murakami K.,
    7. Ueno N.
    (1994) A truncated bone morphogenetic protein receptor affects dorso-ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo. Proc. natn Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10255–10259
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Symes K.,
    2. Smith J. C.
    (1987) Gastrulation movements provide an early marker of mesoderm induction in Xenopus. Development 101, 339–349
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Tanda S.,
    2. Corces V. G.
    (1991) Retrotransposon-induced overexpressionof a homeobox gene causes defects in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. EMBO J 10, 407–417
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Thomsen G.,
    2. Woolf T.,
    3. Whitman M.,
    4. Sokol S.,
    5. Vaughan J.,
    6. Vale W.,
    7. Melton D. A.
    (1990) Activins are expressed early in Xenopus embryogenesis and can induce axial mesoderm and anterior structures. Cell 63, 485–93
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Thomsen G. H.,
    2. Melton D. A.
    (1993) Processed Vg1 protein is an axial mesoderm inducer in Xenopus. Cell 74, 433–441
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. van den Eijnden Van Raaij A. J.,
    2. van Zoelent E. J.,
    3. van Nimmen K.,
    4. Koster C. H.,
    5. Snoek G. T.,
    6. Durston A. J.,
    7. Huylebroeck D.
    (1990) Activin-like factor from a Xenopus laevis cell line responsible for mesoderm induction. Nature 345, 819–22
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Walmsley M. E.,
    2. Guille M. J.,
    3. Bertwistle D.,
    4. Smith J. C.,
    5. Pizzey J. A.,
    6. Patient R. K.
    (1994) Negative control of Xenopus GATA-2 by activin and noggin with eventual expression in precursors of the ventral blood islands. Development 120, 2519–2529
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Whiting J.,
    2. Marshall H.,
    3. Cook M.,
    4. Krumlauf R.,
    5. Rigby P. W. J.,
    6. Stott D.,
    7. Allemann R. K.
    (1991). Multiple spatially specific enhancers are required to reconstruct the pattern of Hox-2.6 gene expression. Genes Dev 5, 2048–2059
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Wilson P. A.,
    2. Hemmati-Brivanlou A.
    (1995) Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4. Nature 376, 331–333
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Zaraisky A. G.,
    2. Ecochard V.,
    3. Kazanskaya O. V.,
    4. Lukyanov S. A.,
    5. Fesenko I. V.,
    6. Duprat A.-M.
    (1995) The homeobox-containing gene XANF-1 may control development of the Spemann organizer. Development 121, 3839–3847
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Zaraisky A. G.,
    2. Lukynov S. A.,
    3. Vasiliev O. L.,
    4. Smirnov Y. V.,
    5. Belyavsky A. V.,
    6. Kazanskaya O. V.
    (1992) A novel homeobox gene expressed in the anterior neural plate of the Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol 152, 373–382
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
Back to top

 Download PDF

Email
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Xom: a Xenopus homeobox gene that mediates the early effects of BMP-4
R. Ladher, T.J. Mohun, J.C. Smith, A.M. Snape
Development 1996 122: 2385-2394;
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
Citation Tools
Alerts

Article navigation

Other journals from The Company of Biologists

Advertisement

An interview with Swathi Arur

Swathi Arur joined the team at Development as an Academic Editor in 2020. Her lab uses multidisciplinary approaches to understand female germline development and fertility. We met with her over Zoom to hear more about her life, her career and her love for C. elegans.

Jim Wells and Hanna Mikkola join our team of Editors

We are pleased to welcome James (Jim) Wells and Hanna Mikkola to our team of Editors. Jim joins us a new Academic Editor, taking over from Gordan Keller, and Hanna joins our team of Associate Editors. Find out more about their research interests and areas of expertise.

New funding scheme supports sustainable events

As part of our Sustainable Conferencing Initiative, we are pleased to announce funding for organisers that seek to reduce the environmental footprint of their event. The next deadline to apply for a Scientific Meeting grant is 26 March 2021.

Read & Publish participation continues to grow

“I’d heard of Read & Publish deals and knew that many universities, including mine, had signed up to them but I had not previously understood the benefits that these deals bring to authors who work at those universities.”

Professor Sally Lowell (University of Edinburgh) shares her experience of publishing Open Access as part of our growing Read & Publish initiative. We now have over 150 institutions in 15 countries and four library consortia taking part – find out more and view our full list of participating institutions.

Upcoming special issues

Imaging Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration
Submission deadline: 30 March 2021
Publication: mid-2021

The Immune System in Development and Regeneration
Guest editors: Florent Ginhoux and Paul Martin
Submission deadline: 1 September 2021
Publication: Spring 2022

Both special issues welcome Review articles as well as Research articles, and will be widely promoted online and at key global conferences.

Development presents...

Our successful webinar series continues into 2021, with early-career researchers presenting their papers and a chance to virtually network with the developmental biology community afterwards. Here, Michèle Romanos talks about her new preprint, which mixes experimentation in quail embryos and computational modelling to understand how heterogeneity in a tissue influences cell rate.

Save your spot at our next session:

10 March
Time: 9:00 (GMT)
Chaired by: Thomas Lecuit

Join our mailing list to receive news and updates on the series.